Historical Development Of Journalism, Public Relations And...

Throughout history there have been many patterns; a time of war is always followed by a time a peace, a change in government always causes some sort of political unrest and society always evolves. There are also many patterns in the historical development of journalism, public relations and advertising including their exposure to propaganda and their internal battles with the First Amendment. In addition, there is an abundant number of differences including but not limited to conflict of interests and spinning tales. One of the similarities between these three forms of communication is that they are often used as a method of propaganda. For example, journalist created yellow journalism as a way to sell more papers and sway its readers†¦show more content†¦Rather that they worked for the benefit of the public. According to Rodman, â€Å"The Boston Tea Party of 1773†¦ was designed to garner publicity and crystallize public opinion.† (Rodman, p330). After, they conv inced the Loyalists of their cause, the fight against the British was quickly terminated. Lastly, advertising is predominantly propaganda. Creating an emotional bond to a paid form of nonpersonal promotion is the basis of propaganda in advertising. Every time that one feels it necessary to buy a commodity as it appears to be first-class and upon arrival is disappointed, they have been duped by the advertiser and is part of their propaganda ploy. Similarly there has been discomfort with the First Amendment; journalism struggles with what can be said in the news, public relations asks the question what is okay for you to say without public backlash and advertising is dealing with how to make advertisements catch the public eye without saying something that needs to be censored or is false. An example that covers all three of these issues happened a few years ago and gained popularity as the person that was quoted was made famous due to a widely-viewed television show. Duck Dynastyâ₠¬â„¢s cast member Phil Robertson, was quoted saying to GQ â€Å"‘It seems like, to me, a vagina—as a man—would be more desirable than a man s anus. That s just me. I m just thinking: There s more there! She s got more to offer. I mean, come on, dudes! You know what I mShow MoreRelatedThe National Mass News Media911 Words   |  4 Pagesreached the national public through national media, which desired to appeal to audiences covering the partisan divide. The major media outlets controlled the flow of news from Washington and the president’s access to what Starr labels â€Å"channels of persuasion.† The White House was able to exercise leverage in its media relations through selectively leaking news and granting exclusive interviews. Presidents were able to use the media to reach abroad and reach the national public. Now, however, neitherRead MoreThe Evaluation Of Public Relations Internship Program3274 Words   |  14 Pages The evaluation of Public Relations Internship Program in China Literature Review Nowadays, when new ideas, professions and whole fields are imported or received into cultures that had no part in their creation and development, it is important to study how these fields fit in, are adapted to or are altered by their new host countries. China is the largest of these host countries. Since the early 1980s, Western ideas, practices and fields have been introducedRead MoreThe Evaluation Of Public Relations Internship Program3274 Words   |  14 Pages The evaluation of Public Relations Internship Program in China Literature Review Nowadays, when new ideas, professions and whole fields are imported or received into cultures that had no part in their creation and development, it is important to study how these fields fit in, are adapted to or are altered by their new host countries. China is the largest of these host countries. Since the early 1980s, Western ideas, practices and fields have been introducedRead MorePower Struggles in Society1778 Words   |  8 Pagesthe role of mass media. Each approach helps illustrate a different focus on society. They each hold special relevance in a discussion of the history of societal beliefs. The Mass Society refers to the overall belief C. Wright Mills held in relation to the type of society he believed we live in. Mills began The Power Elite with a bold statement saying, The powers of ordinary men are circumscribed by the everyday words in which they live, yet even in these rounds of job, family, and neighborhoodRead MoreMedia Relations And Public Relations3459 Words   |  14 PagesMedia Relations While media relations is typically an aspect of public relations, it is a separate idea that is sometimes yet is not always a part of public relations. Media relations should be studied alongside public relations with a continuing awareness of its uniqueness; separate from but still a part of public relations. Public relations relates to how an organization deals with matters of public opinion regarding an organization. Although media relations is the relationship that a company orRead MoreEssay about Multiculturalism in America3204 Words   |  13 Pagesimagery into pop culture America has morphed into a society of multiculturalists. Unfortunately, the advertising industry and intellectual print journalism reflect these attitudes. Print advertisements often reinforce ethnic stereotyping, use provocative racial imagery, or exploit those with â€Å"exotic† appearances. Perceptions about culture in America held by those in intellectual print journalism, like the widely disseminated New York Times, Atlantic Monthly and The Nation follow and are often derivedRead MoreEssay on Post-Soviet Government And The Free Press3038 Words   |  13 Pagestheoretical aspect, free speech is essential in establishing a robust economy and in addition a democratic state. So the question I ask is; what is the relation between freedom of Speech and a democracy in Russia Eurasia? For these reasons this research paper is a demonstration of the correlation of how the free press media is important for the development of a state hence the non practice of principles of social equality like freedom of speech. The work Im specifically looking for is how the mediaRead MoreElectronic Media7567 Words   |  31 Pagesregarded as one of the most influential industries. Unlike some other industries, the Eamp;M sector enjoys direct interaction with people and hence, it has great power to influence people’s mind. Often the industry remains the driving force in building public opinion and determining its trends. Like the other countries of the world, the media industry also plays a very crucial role in India. The media and entertainment industry has come a long way to grow into a modern sector in the country. The largeRead MoreLinguistic Features of Language6234 Words   |  25 Pages vast). Several poetic devices are based on the sound instrumentation of text and are, besides poetry, often utilized in discourse which is concerned with exploiting this language potential and connoting a certain atmosphere or mood, for example, public speeches, punning, jokes, children ´s rhymes, commercials, product names, slogans, etc. (see Poetic f., 3.4): alliteration, assonance, consonance, (direct and indirect) onomatopoeia, (perfect, half, eye, masculine, feminine, triple, internal, end/terminalRead MoreHistory of Public Relations4929 Words   |  20 PagesTHE ROLE OF PUBLIC RELATIONS IN HIGHER EDACATION INSTITUTIONS / UNIVERSITIES IN GHANA. A CASE STUDY OF UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION, WINNEBA. 1.0 WHAT IS PUBLIC RELATIONS Public Relations (PR) results from a convicted and thoughtful communication process that recognizes that favourable public opinion, attention and support is not achieved by accident. It recognizes a great deal of hard work since success depends on ensuring that nothing happens by chance. This is probably due to the inevitable growing

Biological and Classical School - 1265 Words

Introduction The Classical School of criminology emerged during the eighteenth century after the European Enlightenment period. It was during this time that law enforcement and laws were disparate and unjust and punishment was brutal. Members of the Classical School would demand justice that based on equality and human punishment that was appropriate for the offense. According to Williams and McShane 2009, the Classical School was uninterested in studying the criminal per se; it gained its association with criminology through its focus on lawmaking and legal processing. The Positive School of criminology focused on explaining and understanding social behavior of criminals. The members of this school used the approach to the study of†¦show more content†¦With the biosocial theory, the biological characteristic of an individual is only one part in the equation of behavior. The other components are physical and social environment. Mednick thought that individuals should lea rn from his or her family and with peer groups to learn how to control the urge for criminal behavior and living an antisocial life. C. R. Jeffery stated in his book Advances in Criminological theory that the perspective of the biosocial theory is that sociological, psychological, and biological characteristics should be seen as interacting together in a systems model to produce criminal behavior. According to Schmalleger 2006, the Positive School is built-upon two principles. The first principles is that the belief that human behavior is determined not by the exercise of free choice but by the causative factors beyond the control of the individual. The second principle is that the application of scientific techniques to the study of crime and criminology. The Positive School believes that humans live in a world in which cause and effect operate, and social problems can be remedied by means of a systematic study of human behavior (Williams McShane, 2009). Members of this school believe that punishment should be for treatment and not punishment. Positivism attempts to explain the cause of crime and offers a basis for rehabilitating criminals and using the indeterminateShow MoreRelatedBiological Explanations of Criminal Behavior1430 Words   |  6 PagesBiological Explanations of Criminal Behavior Nature and nurture contribute to the way a person behaves. This can be applied to the behaviors of criminals. According to Fishbein (1990, pg.37), â€Å"behavior [is] primarily attributed to inherited predispositions and genetic influences.† Nurture is the environmental influence that shape human behavior (Fishbein, 1990, pg.37). Human genetics and environmental factors contribute to the uniqueness to a person’s behavior. However, there are underlyingRead MoreRational Choice Theory: Criminology901 Words   |  4 Pagesdetermining the origin of criminal acts are: Classical and Neoclassical; Biological; Psychobiological; Sociological; Social Process; Conflict; and Emergent. The concept of choice plays a different role under each of these theories. In some, individual choice plays a dominant role, while in others, individual choice is marginalized. The theoretical model in which choice theory plays its largest role is the Neoclassical, a development of the earlier C lassical School, itself originated in the 18th centuryRead MoreThe Classical School And The Positivist School881 Words   |  4 Pagestwo schools of criminology, which respectively are the classical school and the positivist school. I will begin by comparing and contrasting the historical background of both schools using the founders of each school. I will then continue the paper by comparing their assumptions, their findings and their key policy implications. I will do this by explaining each school’s purpose and goal. I will then argue and explain how the classical school is respectively stronger than the positivist school forRead MoreThe Problem Of Criminal Justice System882 Words   |  4 Pages There are many ideas and schools of thought that surround the idea of criminal justice. Initially the main goals of these schools of thought were to classify and punish crimes, however in the recent past we are seeing a shift toward the deterrence and prevention of crime. Early classical, biological, and psychological theories helped shape what is today’s criminal justice system. One of the earliest theories that attempted to explain the cause of crime is classical theory. In 1764, Cesare BeccariaRead MoreA Study on Operant and Classical Conditioning1477 Words   |  6 PagesOperant and Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning best explains reflective responding that is largely controlled by stimuli preceding the response, while operant conditioning is the kind of learning influenced by stimulus events that follow the responses. (Weiten). In operant conditioning, reinforcement is defined as after the fact. Reinforcement follows a response and increases tendency to make the response. In classical conditioning, the reinforcement comes before the response is madeRead MoreThe Classical School Of Criminology1216 Words   |  5 Pagesmost famous schools of that are Classical Theory and Biological/Positivist Theory. These theories contain insights to why people commit crimes and the most effective way to deal with these individuals and eventually reduce the crime rate. This paper will discuss how these schools of thought compare to each other, the Christian Worldview and to United States current criminal justice system. The first step to compare these theories is to better understand them. The Classical School of CriminologyRead MoreThe Classical School Of Criminology1327 Words   |  6 Pagesfamous schools of thought are Classical Theory and Biological/Positivist Theory. These theories contain insights into why people commit crimes and the most effective way to deal with these individuals and eventually reduce the crime rate. This paper will discuss how these schools of thought compare to each other, the Christian Worldview and to United States current criminal justice system. The first step to compare these theories is to develop an understanding of them. The Classical School of CriminologyRead MoreThe Classical School Of Criminology776 Words   |  4 PagesCh3 q1. The major principles in the classical school of criminology include as a being, one makes fundamentally sane decisions, and those decisions come from liberated will that is accompanied with coherent choosing. Another standard is painfulness and happiness, which are used as determining factors of human conduct. As a deterrent, violations of the law set the standard for the rest of society to abide by. Ones principles of acceptance and non-acceptance are inherent in our lives, in which it cannotRead MoreClassical and Positive School of Criminology Essay1020 Words   |  5 PagesThe Classical School of Criminology and the Positive School of Criminology are two of the main theories that try and explain the behavior of delinquents. The Classical School of Criminology was developed in the late 1 700s by Cesare Beccaria. Classical theorists were trying to decrease punishment and obtain equal justice for all. According to Beccaria and Jeremy Bantham, and English philospther, human nature is characterized by three central features: 1) People are not bound by original sinRead MoreThe Process of Conditioning963 Words   |  4 Pagesconditioning. According to Weiten (2008), conditioning involves learning associations between events that occur in an organism’s environment (p. 169). Although psychology has a grasp on how we learn through classical and operant conditioning, it is impaired by biological constraints. Classical conditioning, also referred to as Pavlovian conditioning (Weiten, 2008), was discovered by a Russian physiologist, Ivan Pavlov. This form of learning presents how an unconditioned stimulus (UCS), or a neutral

Greenspan The Case For The Defence In

Greenspan The Case For The Defence In-Depth Revi Essay ewMy fascination with the Judicial System Structure of today’s society was furthered and strengthened after reading and analyzing the works of Edward Greenspan. This superbly written biography recollecting past cases and important events in Greenspan’s life allowed myself, the reader, to learn more about Jurisprudence and the Criminal Code. The entire casebook revolves around several main themes including the balance of Positive Natural influences in the courtroom, whether a lawyer’s consience intervenes with his duty as a counsellor, and the alarming rate of perjury occuring in front of the juries. To be more concise and clear to the point, Greenspan’s book is a diary of controversial and beneficial issues which have hovered around our criminal courts and will continue to plague and pester them for years to come. By observing and understanding certain issues presented in his book, I was able to comprehend what type of person Greenspan is, what he believes in, what he represents and what he would do for his profession. The wheels of Jurisprudence are always turning, and I came to realise how Greenspan worked and bargained for his status in the country to be solidified. This book also flourished with innovative situations pertaining to the most diversified of criminal charges, to the most uncanny regions of law ever dealt. It was this thorough look at Greenspan’s life which impressed this reviewer the most. It was quite clear that after the fourth page, I came upon the conclusion that this casebook would create a most influential reaction to anyone who had displayed any interest towards our Law system in general. Part One of the novel, No Little Clients, presents the reader with the author’s proposed thesis. His ambition is to defend innocent people accused of crimes. Whether they are innocent or guilty without being proven guilty is irrelevant to Mr. Greenspan. A lawyer’s consience must not be his deciding factor when advising or counselling a client. This viewpoint is elaborated in Part Two (Not Above The Fray) and explained frivolously by Greenspan himself. Throughout the entire novel, the theme bends and curves itself around different and unavoidable situations, but retains its original meaning that no one is guilty until proven so. Greenspan refers to this phrase countless times and explains to the reader that he will not allow his moral beliefs to conlfict with the path of justice (delicately and persuasively explained by both Greenspand and the co-author, George Jonas in Parts Four, Five and Six of the novel). Chapter 13, Playing God, emphatically displays Greenspan’s concern with the treatment of his clients and the decision to push the client until he can make a decision that is in favour with the lawyer himself. The significance of this chapter is that the reader detects the amount of responsibility and endurance is required in order to become a successful pawn of the judicial system. At this point, Greenspan’s thesis huddles itself around the principle of being a â€Å"Pawn of the System† and only serving the system without prejudice and socialistic conflicts. The authors begin their novel with several different themes which branch out and eventually combine. Walking The High Wire is an excellent chapter which focuses on the effects of intended falsehoods employed by the prosecution. When Greenspan takes on a case where the courtroom is changed into a stage for the benefit of a woman who allegedly is raped by his client, it is later realised that through careful investigation and newly discovered evidence, can the truth be used to assist the defendant in being acquitted. .u31e14a13d9ae3f3cb52ababf4820b41e , .u31e14a13d9ae3f3cb52ababf4820b41e .postImageUrl , .u31e14a13d9ae3f3cb52ababf4820b41e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u31e14a13d9ae3f3cb52ababf4820b41e , .u31e14a13d9ae3f3cb52ababf4820b41e:hover , .u31e14a13d9ae3f3cb52ababf4820b41e:visited , .u31e14a13d9ae3f3cb52ababf4820b41e:active { border:0!important; } .u31e14a13d9ae3f3cb52ababf4820b41e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u31e14a13d9ae3f3cb52ababf4820b41e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u31e14a13d9ae3f3cb52ababf4820b41e:active , .u31e14a13d9ae3f3cb52ababf4820b41e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u31e14a13d9ae3f3cb52ababf4820b41e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u31e14a13d9ae3f3cb52ababf4820b41e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u31e14a13d9ae3f3cb52ababf4820b41e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u31e14a13d9ae3f3cb52ababf4820b41e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u31e14a13d9ae3f3cb52ababf4820b41e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u31e14a13d9ae3f3cb52ababf4820b41e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u31e14a13d9ae3f3cb52ababf4820b41e .u31e14a13d9ae3f3cb52ababf4820b41e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u31e14a13d9ae3f3cb52ababf4820b41e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Autism Essay In the chapter And Nothing But The Truth, the author presents a situation where even those who enforce the law may lie to obtain a conviction of an innocent person. When two police officers re-create a false scene for the jury, the reader begins to understand why the author ponders upon different moral questions and creates circumstantial, yet fruitful answers.Like a detective fiction novel, Greenspan proves without a doubt that there is more than meets the eye in accepting and defending a client. As witnessed in the chapter Hi Mom, Guess Who’s In Jail, the reader learns about how the media and

Why Computer Science free essay sample

Why computer science One of the earliest memoy of my life is when I destroyed my father`s computer, so my father punished me. This was how I learned computers and respect for my family. That was how I learned about computer science. Now, everybody in my family gets everything from a computer, and if he wants to buy a new computer or has problems with his computer, he asks me first. Because computer science is useful for jobs, video games, and life, I enjoy studying my subject. First, I believe computer science has plenty of jobs, and it can make easy money. Computer science gives me an easy job. I am an assistant teacher of information technology, and it is a very interesting job. I began working for King Abdulaziz University after I graduated in 2007. Before I graduated, I was nervous about getting a job. When will I get the job? All my friend were searching for jobs. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Computer Science or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Founding a job wasnt easy. They were at home for one year or more than year, but I got the job after four months. That was because of my major. I make $35000 every year. That is a good salary in my country. In Saudi Arabia, the average salary is $25000 every year. I spend the money on my family and my wife. I save the money for studying and my future life. Second, my hobby is video games, and I love it. When I am free, I play video games. I can play alone or with my friends. When I play video game, I have a lot of fun. I spend a lot hours with my friends and brothers playing. I like to play sports and Adventuring games. I think you can learn a lot from video games. Like languages and math skills, and There are many games for learning. Simulation games can save a lot money. For example, pilots can train in Simulation games before they drive real airplanes. Finally, computers give us an easy life. I believe life today is better than it was 100 years ago. Modern life is very different from life 100 years ago because the computer was founded. I am glad to study computer science. I am going to study computer science all my life. I really enjoyed when I study or learn new technology. I would advise everyone to study computers because it is useful and interesting

Free Essays on Humanistic Therapy

HUMANISTIC THERAPY Humanistic psychology focuses on psychological health rather than on mental illness. â€Å"Its view is optimistic, with an emphasis on the human potential. It's a healthy viewpoint. In 1942, Rollo May was stricken with tuberculosis. After eighteen months in a sanitarium in upstate New York, he decided that his attitudes and his personal will were more important to his recovery than the treatments. He entered the graduate psychology program at Columbia University in New York City, receiving his Ph.D. in clinical psychology in 1949 with the highest honors. In the decades that followed, May's dissertation, The Meaning of Anxiety, published in 1950, and revised in 1977, had a major influence on the development of humanistic psychology† (Crompton). Rollo May argued that culture was in an "age of anxiety" and, furthermore, that channeling his own high anxiety was a major factor in overcoming his tuberculosis. (This would be the first we’ve heard of the mind/body connection to illness in the field of psychology I believe.) May was one of the most influential American psychologists of the twentieth century. He helped to introduce European existential psychoanalysis to an American audience. He was a founder of humanistic psychology, with its focus on the individual, as opposed to the behaviorist psychology and Freudian psychoanalysis that was prevalent in the 1940s and 1950s. May's writings were both practical and spiritual and they promoted the power and worth of the individual. As such, they contributed to the development of the human potential movement. May maintained that widespread alienation and anxiety were a result of breakdown and upheaval in culture and society, rather than the result of individual psychological problems. I would add that the lack of spiritual awareness is another component of breakdown and upheaval. Maslow's thinking was surprisingly original - most psychology before him had been concerned... Free Essays on Humanistic Therapy Free Essays on Humanistic Therapy HUMANISTIC THERAPY Humanistic psychology focuses on psychological health rather than on mental illness. â€Å"Its view is optimistic, with an emphasis on the human potential. It's a healthy viewpoint. In 1942, Rollo May was stricken with tuberculosis. After eighteen months in a sanitarium in upstate New York, he decided that his attitudes and his personal will were more important to his recovery than the treatments. He entered the graduate psychology program at Columbia University in New York City, receiving his Ph.D. in clinical psychology in 1949 with the highest honors. In the decades that followed, May's dissertation, The Meaning of Anxiety, published in 1950, and revised in 1977, had a major influence on the development of humanistic psychology† (Crompton). Rollo May argued that culture was in an "age of anxiety" and, furthermore, that channeling his own high anxiety was a major factor in overcoming his tuberculosis. (This would be the first we’ve heard of the mind/body connection to illness in the field of psychology I believe.) May was one of the most influential American psychologists of the twentieth century. He helped to introduce European existential psychoanalysis to an American audience. He was a founder of humanistic psychology, with its focus on the individual, as opposed to the behaviorist psychology and Freudian psychoanalysis that was prevalent in the 1940s and 1950s. May's writings were both practical and spiritual and they promoted the power and worth of the individual. As such, they contributed to the development of the human potential movement. May maintained that widespread alienation and anxiety were a result of breakdown and upheaval in culture and society, rather than the result of individual psychological problems. I would add that the lack of spiritual awareness is another component of breakdown and upheaval. Maslow's thinking was surprisingly original - most psychology before him had been concerned...

The Employment Code of Conduct Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Employment Code of Conduct - Essay Example Disciplinary procedures are an important part for any organization, it is the disciplinary procedures that determine the complete directive of the firm that the employees are supposed to follow, it may also include the code of conduct. (Gennard, J. & Judge, G., 2005) All the ill effects of not following the terms mentioned in the disciplinary procedures are also mentioned in the same document, like suppose the penalty or punishment for misconduct such as abusing fellow workers is suspension from the company without pay, (Hall, R. & Stewart, J., 2001) so here the term in disciplinary procedure will be as follows: All the employees working for Bodgitt and Blastit limited should not use abusive language against any other employee, manager, stockholder or a general part of the company, or even in the office premises; failing to do so could lead to a suspension of the key employee. (Russell, Kate, 2004) In the above procedure and term, the problem was very clearly stated and so was its penalty. Therefore preventing the company from being a victim by means of a penalty from the employment tribunal. If any such information is not mentioned in the disciplinary procedures or even worse, if the company does not have a disciplinary procedure until now, this could be much worse, the employment tribunal may also force the company to not only let the â€Å"suffered† employee get back to his post in the company, but also the responsible (or rather, irresponsible) employee could also get some compensation out of the whole deal.

Decision Making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Decision Making - Essay Example most viable when time is of essence in arriving at quick recommendations and when the decision-maker has established vast experience and expertise that warrants knowledge of the potential outcomes of the decision to be made. Still, most women have been proven to have practiced making decisions based on gut-feel and relying merely on perceptions. In one’s personal experience, decision-making follows the rational decision making process where there are clearly stipulated steps that are structured and where one is expected to adhere to. This has been proven to be most effective in one’s personal and professional experiences in life due to the objectivity it accords me, as the decision-maker, to see various options on a factual perspective; and to have generated the most effective recommendations that have been agreeable or amenable to those affected by the decisions on a longer time frame. Likewise, as emphasized in the discourse entitled â€Å"Why Being Certain Means Being Wrong† there is an evident feeling of â€Å"certainty, in the form of the calm feeling of knowing, (which can ultimately) replace the tension of not knowing† (par. 3). Thus, through rational decision making, one ultimately attains a feeling of sublime calmness in the certainty that the selected course of action is the one that is most plausible, more leaning to accuracy and correctness and the least fallible to error. In a more generalized form, one’s rational decision-making process follows these crucial phases: (1) defining or clearly stating the problem (not the symptoms but the root or main predicament); (2) identifying one’s alternative courses of action (which also includes not doing anything, which is called status quo; and other viable options); (3) using cognitive or analytical tools in evaluating each option (such as enumerating benefits versus costs or advantages versus disadvantages, at the most simplest form; SWOT analysis, if needed; ethical, moral and legal considerations;