My Wrist Watch Essay

My watch means a lot to me, and is one of my most cherished possessions which I’ve ever had. It came about on a beautiful day I decided to escort â€Å"shade† my girlfriend to the Mall for some window shopping. That same day was my birthday. I had never celebrated my birthday, and I still didn’t see any reason to do so that day. We checked as many things as we could in most stores, although we had no money to purchase one single thing. We walked into this particular jewelry store which Shade had always talked about in the past. I really had no love for jewelries, so for me, going or not going to that jewelry store, really made no difference at all. Along the line, we ended up at this jewelry store Shade had been talking about. Inside the jewelry store I felt so bored, and gazed into the thin air, like I really had something I took serious notice of; but in reality I was looking through the jewelry and its shelves. At this point I really felt like a soggy cow, forced to the river. Just about ten minutes in this store, my eyes caught sight of this object on the jewelry shelf. About five feet away, it looked so attractive and seemed as pretty as a Mona Lisa painting. Something really made this object outstanding compared to other objects on the shelf. Moving closer, and about a foot away from the jewelry shelf, I could conclude that this glittering object was a watch. From where I stood I could conclude that this watch was manufactured from solid yellow gold bars of about eighteen karat gold and stainless steel. it had about a 40mm case and about a 20mm bracelet. It had this unique feature of having an independent setting for the hour hand, and further featured the date function at the 3 o’clock hour of the face. It also had a crown laid at the 12 o’clock hour, which at that juncture, made me connect with the reality that I was standing in the presence of a brand of an almighty Rolex watch.  Within a split second, one of the sales ladies walked up to me and offered me assistance, but what could she offer me, except for name and the price of the watch, which I immediately asked her for. She let me know the name of the watch was a Rolex Thunderbird, and it would cost me about $800 to purchase it. At that point $800 registered in my brain as two times my monthly rent. All the same the watch still looked to me like it worth more than that amount. Standing close to the door was Shade; she looked like she had been standing there for close to twenty five minutes. I immediately met up with her, and I thought I heard her say she was surprised and thought that I never loved watches. I know I never really loved watches, but there was really something different and special about this watch that could not add up. Shade dropped me of at my apartment and hurriedly left, which was unlike shade that would always like to spend some time with me before leaving. Well for me, that was not a problem, because at the moment, the only immediate problem I had was where on earth I could get $800 to purchase the Rolex watch I saw back there at the jewelry store. As much as I could remember, I never expected Shade to came back to my apartment that night, as I was about to go to bed. But as she came back, this time she came with a birthday gift. Since I knew shade, she had never given me a birthday gift, nor had she ever remembered my birthday. Well on unwrapping the gift, and then opening the black box, there laid a Rolex Thunderbird wrist watch, which was exactly the same wrist watch, I saw at the store much earlier in the day. Nobody had given me a birthday gift in the past 20 years. This was the greatest gift of my life, and which till this day, remains an important piece of my life.

Strategic and competitive positioning of Lenovo Free Essay Example, 3750 words

Generic Strategies of Porter Strategy Device Justification Cost Leadership Think Pad, Think Server, Think Centre Low price especially targeted for emerging markets. Product Differentiation Lenovo Tab, Lenovo Tab A8 and Lenovo Tab A10 Products with differentiated pricing Focus Strategy Lenovo Tablets Focussing on different segments of market; niche segmentation Lenovo has achieved cost leadership through its Think Pad laptops. With efficient manufacturing, Lenovo has been able to cut down prices of the basic laptop ThinkPad models (The Guardian, 2014). Also, Lenovo laptops are distributed in bulk among numerous colleges, universities and companies across the globe, thereby increasing its volume sales substantially. Lenovo vs. Main Competitors Figure 1 Lenovo and competitors (Source: Ragaza, 2014) The above data has been critically used for development of another model known as Bowman’s clock. The generic strategic of Porter can be better understood through visual expression. Bowman’s Strategy Clock Bowman’s strategy clock can be considered as an extension of the generic strategic, so as to establish better differentiation among similar services or products. Here, the offerings of firms can be placed at any location of the 360 degree model, owing to flexibility and placement of the model. The ThinkPad laptop division of Lenovo falls under the low price segment. We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic and competitive positioning of Lenovo or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Compared to laptops produced by other competitors such as, Dell and HP, basic Lenovo ThinkPad laptops are affordable and relatively cheaper, owing to their comparatively basic features and lesser offerings (Ragaza, 2014). As a result of its broad innovations, Lenovo laptops are considered under categories such as, low price, focused differentiation and differentiation. The laptops from Lenovo serve both middle income and higher income group segments (Rugman and Li, 2007). Bowman’s Strategy Clock for Lenovo and its competitors Apple, Lenovo, Acer High Dell, Lenovo 4 Differentiation Dell, Lenovo, Apple 3Hybrid Perceived Value 5 Focussed Differentiation 2 Low Cost Lenovo ThinkPad, HP 6 6, 7 and 8 Strategies 1 Destined for Failure Low Low Cost Low Value 8 7 Low Price High (Source: Author’s Creation) A strategic Bowman’s strategy has been formulated for Lenovo and its competitors.

The Power of the Internet Essay - 1307 Words

The Power of the Internet The area of technology in todays society that is expanding without bound is the Internet. Millions of people belong to the online world full of articles, shops, the latest news, virtual communities, etc. If a person needs information or directions the fastest and most successful place to turn is online. For example the quote, You can get anything you want with a click of a mouse, has become the motto for modern day America. Inside the virtual world are millions of groups and organizations built to interest people who share common ideas, values, and goals. The Internet groups, commonly refereed to as communities, appeal to a certain aspect of everyones lives. Finding a community that someone feels†¦show more content†¦On the other hand there is the Internet, a broad expanding industry full of diversity and life. The Internet is growing so rapidly that everyone wants to be a part of it. Amy Bruckman explains that the Net is made up of hundreds of thousands of separate communit ies, each with its own special character. (171) As more people join the Internet community diversity rises and the ability to find people who share similar interests becomes more likely. The Net is represented in numerous aspects of everyday life for many people such as in business, movies, television, and in the press. For example, during the Super Bowl every other advertisement was for the Internet company accenture. Also, in the movie The Net, with Sandra Bullock, the Internet had to do with the entire plot of the movie. We continue to see an abundance of advertisements and references to dot COM communities everywhere we turn. More and more in todays society, the Internet is taking a foothold, becoming a major part of the twenty-first century. The Internet surrounds Americans as well as others around the world causing special interests communities to become increasingly popular. With such a large audience some people decided to use it to their advantage. As mentioned earlier,Show MoreRelatedThe Power Of The Internet1965 Words   |  8 Pagesto be positive, so they dont generally talk about positive customer experiences unless it was something truly exceptional. But, if they had a negative experience, they probably told about twenty people. This ratio is already bad, but the power of the internet magnifies this problem tremendously. These days, an unhappy customer may repeat their negative story twenty different times online via social media and other avenues. Depending upon where they complain and how many connections they have, thisRead MoreThe Power Of The Internet1472 Words   |  6 PagesThe Internet was developed during the 1970s by the Department of Defense. Originally it was used as a military tactic until advisers suggested that it could be used to their advantage because they would be able to operate one computer from another station. The Internet remained under government control until 1984. Scientists also used the Internet to talk to each other; but the main problem was speed. Since this was new technology they had to figure out a way to make computers do more in less timeRead MoreEssay on The Power of the Internet970 Words   |  4 PagesThe Power of the Internet The Power of the Internet has literally taken over the way society goes on about everyday life. It has impacted on American youth more than anything, but this impact is not necessarily positive. Some sites are educational, while others are filled with sex, drugs, and racist material. There was a time when kids were safe studying in their bedrooms, but now, if a computer and modem are present, leaving them alone in their bed rooms can be as risky as leaving themRead MoreThe Power Of The Internet Essay542 Words   |  3 PagesThe Power Of The Internet 1) Although some people may not be aware of the power the Internet holds upon us, it is essential that all users are aware of the dangers which lurk beyond the flashing text and fancy web pages. The term WWW means World Wide Web which is literally what the Internet is, as it is a way in which we are connected with the rest of the world and also to what is going on throughout the minds of certain individuals and governments. The Web thatRead MorePower Of The Internet And Our Dependence On It1184 Words   |  5 PagesJeff Lehrman Professor Swanson English 1A 8 March 2015 Power of the Internet and Our Dependence on it. Google it. E-mail it to me. It s on the Wiki page. All phrases our generations youth find synonymous with looking up or sending information. The ability to retrieve quick facts and brief tutorials have displaced the need to research a subject or practice a skill. Any need to spend a night reading an instruction manual has been replaced by a short 5 minute tutorial on youtube. Buying or RentingRead MoreEssay on The Internet and the Power of E-Commerce1373 Words   |  6 PagesThe Power of E-Commerce The Industrial Revolution changed the face of the business world. In much the same way the Internet Revolution has changed the business world; its impact has ricocheted to every corner of the world. The internet revolution gave birth to an electronic economy. Ecommerce has seen tremendous growth in the last years, its effects are countless. Ecommerce has allowed for the expansion and proliferation of a globalized economy, it has made transactions easier and more efficientRead MoreEssay on The Power of the internet and Social Media2525 Words   |  11 Pages Contemporary social movements such as Arab Spring and Kony 2012 use the Internet and social media as potential tools towards change. But why are some more successful than others. This paper argues that when news outlets see the potential for change, they â€Å"premediate† (Richard Grusin) its possibilities, and make that change ever more possible in their coverage. On the other hand, extant stories that are more reactionary do not get the same amount of new exposure, and remain static. In otherRead MoreNo Bargaining Power And The Internet Boom Of The 1980 S1781 Words   |  8 Pages â€Æ' Since the software and Internet boom of the 1980’s, there has been the existence of click-on, (aka click-through, click-on license, or click-wrap agreement), End User License Agreements (EULA) and Terms of Service (TOS) contracts. These contracts require the user to give assent to â€Å"lease† the program or website by clicking on an† I agree† or â€Å"I disagree† button which either confirms that the user has read the EULA or TOS and is giving assent to those terms, or is rejecting those terms and thereforeRead More Essay on Internet Privacy - Carnivore, and the Power Of FBI Surveillance1755 Words   |  8 PagesCarnivore: The Power Of FBI Surveillance      Ã‚  Ã‚   Abstract:   This paper provides an analysis of the privacy issues associated with governmental Internet surveillance, with a focus on the recently disclosed FBI tool known as Carnivore. It concludes that, while some system of surveillance is necessary, more mechanisms to prevent abuse of privacy must exist.    Communication surveillance has been a controversial issue in the US since the 1920s, when the Supreme Court deemed unwarranted wiretapsRead MoreEssay about The Power of the Internet and Women’s Rights in Guatemala2056 Words   |  9 Pagesdigital media technologies, such as the Internet, the public has more choices and opportunities to communicate with people globally. As Bill Gates proclaimed, â€Å"the Internet is becoming the town square for the global village of tomorrow.† Media can determine the tremendous role its play in not only our daily lives but also its profound impact on modern society’s cognitive perception of the world. The initial proposal for this paper is to answer how the Internet transforms Guatemalan society as well

Smoking Cessation - 2227 Words

A Review of Smoking Cessation Education and Implementation for Nurses A Review of Smoking Cessation Education and Implementation for Nurses There are so many different facets of nursing. Nurses are given so many tools to utilize in our role of educator to patients. It has to be kept in mind that we are doing this with our patients continuously. Every time a task is completed with patients and it is explained what is being doing, teaching is being conducted and hopefully they will take that with them in the future. Nurses need to be adequately equipped with the tools needed to teach patients. Without proper education, how are nurses expected to pass on†¦show more content†¦It was also implemented to show the effectiveness on nursing students self-efficacy and it affects their performance in smoking cessation interventions. The experiences of the nursing students, their attitudes, and what barriers stand in their way to teaching smoking cessation and interventions. Among the student a small percentage were smokers. Most of students though t there was a benefit from smoking cessation. They were well educated about the health risks of smoking. It was found that few were taught and practiced smoking cessation intervention. The students’ main barriers were that they should be actively involved in smoking cessation for patients but lack of knowledge and skills. â€Å"The simulation-based training of smoking cessation intervention improved nursing students self-efficacy in seven out of nine skills of smoking cessation intervention.†(Sohn,M., Ahn,Y., Park,H., Lee, M.) The findings show that simulation could be used effectively in the teaching of smoking cessation intervention education to nursing students. In this article there was only a small number of people who smoked, this could be one of the weaknesses, but it did show in the end that they could put their own thoughts on smoking aside and for the best interest of their patients teach the smoking cessation interventions when they were well equipped. One of the strengths is that they tested the self efficacy on nine different smoking cessation techniques,Show MoreRelatedEssay on Smoking Cessation Methods1225 Words   |  5 PagesTobacco addiction contributes to approximately 438,000 deaths in the United States each year2, with smoking cigarettes constituting one of the most common preventable causes of death, on report asserts3. Tobacco use kills five million people a year worldwide, another source stresses4. Quitting smoking, or at least reduction, for instance, could greatly reduce the occurrence of coronary heart disease and other forms of cardiovascular disease.1,5 These diseases that can be prevented or reducedRead MoreIntervention For Smoking Cessation Of Smoking920 Words   |  4 PagesIntervention for Smoking Cessation The most important intervention for this patient is to quit smoking. This would be very difficult for a person who smoke for more than 20 years to quit. I would explain to the patient that the best way to treat her emphysema is to stop smoking. First of all, I will assess on what this patient knows about smoking cessation. Some smokers may not have a correct information and positive attitude about quit smoking, which could be the reasons that contribute to the failureRead MoreEar Acupressure For Smoking Cessation1421 Words   |  6 PagesEar Acupressure for Smoking Cessation Smoking is a prevalent problem throughout the United States. It is an addiction and it can be very challenging for individuals to quit. However, through medication and nonpharmacological treatments smoking cessation is possible. One nonpharmacological method that has been researched is using ear acupressure. This paper will discuss the research article Ear Acupressure for Smoking Cessation: A Randomized Controlled Trial and how it relates to a hospital patientRead MoreHealth Benefits Of Smoking Cessation1113 Words   |  5 Pagesspecialised post-partum support for up to six weeks is also provided to help smoking mothers with smoking cessation (MOH, 2017d). In primary health care setting, nursing management for smoking cessation can be achieved through one-on-one interaction with clients using ABC approach (MOH, 2009). In this approach, A represents asking or accessing the smoking status of individuals. Thus, health professionals working in the primary health sector should ask on every visit if the client is a current smokerRead MoreA Brief Note On The Smoking Cessation Program2438 Words   |  10 PagesIn the smoking cessation program, nurses play an active role to increase the health literacy of clients and encourage them to quit smoking by using the appropriate brief interventions. Brief interventions are customized pretreatment tool, which effectively improve the clients’ health literacy and increase their motivation to stop smoking (World Health Organisation, 2003, p. 4). To tailor the appropriate behavior modification interventions and increase the likelihood of quit quitting, Stages of ChangeRead MoreBest Strategies For Smoking Cessation2735 Words   |  11 PagesBest Strategies for Smoking Cessation Is it possible to quit smoking, something that is highly addictive? The answer is yes. Smoking cessation can be achieved. Cessation is defined as being brought to an end. Smoking is not only addicting, it damages the human body. Anczak and Nogler (2003) stated, â€Å"tobacco use is the world’s leading preventable cause of death in the United States, accounting for 430,000 deaths annually.† When tobacco smoke is inhaled the nicotine makes its way to the brainRead MoreAn analysis of a Commitment Contract for Smoking Cessation (CARES)2149 Words   |  9 Pagesï » ¿ An analysis of a Commitment Contract for Smoking Cessation (CARES) Maastricht University School of Business Economics Place date: Maastricht, 23. January 2014 Names, initials: Irene Lopez Santiago, Maxime Mà ¼lhausen, Là ©o Schwering For assessor only ID number: I6075315, I6075392, I6075347 1. Content Study: EC, IB, IB 2. Language structure Course code: EBS 1001 3. Language accuracy Group number: Tutorial Group 15 GroupRead MoreSmoking Cessation, Tips For Success869 Words   |  4 PagesSmoking Cessation, Tips for Success If you are ready to quit smoking, congratulations! You have chosen to help yourself be healthier. Cigarettes bring nicotine, tar, carbon monoxide, and other irritants into your body. Your lungs, heart, and blood vessels will be able to work better without these poisons. There are many different ways to quit smoking. Nicotine gum, nicotine patches, a nicotine inhaler, or nicotine nasal spray can help with physical craving. Hypnosis, support groups, and medicinesRead MoreSmoking Cessation in New Zealand1626 Words   |  6 PagesTITLE: SMOKING CESSATION IN NEW ZEALAND RATIONALE AND AIM The aim of my proposal is to give valuable information about smoking and smoking cessation in a presentation that could be helpful to teenagers and pregnant women who want to quit smoking. The presentation will use simple pictures and language to make it easy for everybody to learn about the harmful impact of smoking on health. Along with this, there are three key goals of tobacco control exercises: To lessen the use of smoking, to discontinue

The Treatment Of Manic Depression Now And free essay sample

The Treatment Of Manic Depression, Now And Then Essay, Research Paper The Treatment of Manic Depression, Now and Then The intervention of frenzied depression has changed through the old ages. This essay will compare the position and intervention of frenzied depression in the 1960ss, to the position and intervention now. The mental unwellness of frenzied depression, and it # 8217 ; s intervention and diagnosing, will be explained and detailed. Diagnosing frenzied depression has been a difficult undertaking for physicians. In the 1960ss, seldom were people treated, or even diagnosed for frenzied depression. It was non until the nineteen- 1970ss that Lithium, a temper stabler for manics, was introduced. Frenzied depression was non easy detected. Most physicians attributed the dramatic temper swings to pubescence or the province of adolescence. Most normally, the patient was told to snarl out of it or given some signifier of an anti-depressant. Many people started to self medicate in the 1960ss with the assorted drugs that were drifting about. We will write a custom essay sample on The Treatment Of Manic Depression Now And or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There were medicines and interventions, but none specifically geared toward frenzied depression. The most common medicines were Thorazine, assorted tranquillizers, Meprobamate ( Miltown ) , Librium, and Diazepam ( Valium ) . The most common intervention was psychotherapeutics or speak therapy. If your symptoms or actions were terrible, most likely you were labeled mad or insane and institutionalized. Even if you got better the stigma of one time being insane haunted you when seeking to take a normal life. Since the 1890ss, the diagnosis of passion has become progressively easier. CT # 8217 ; s and MRI scans show abnormalcies and alterations in encephalon moving ridges to help in diagnosing. Mania is now treatable with Lithium, anti-convulsants, and curative intercession. There are now support groups and other aid for people. Many people are still hospitalized, but the conditions are much better. Peoples are no longer labeled as insane. It is an issue that many people are seeking to understand. There are still those who are ignorant, and the stigma of mental unwellness is still at that place. Manic depression, in most instances, is treatable and people with it can populate successfully. But, we still have non erased the stigma that goes with it, every bit good as with many other mental unwellnesss or upsets. We have come a long manner! Technology in medicine and naming with caput scans are more accurate in aiming the job and repairing it. The 1960ss were reasonably gruesome for person with frenzied depression. It is no admiration people were deceasing from OD # 8217 ; s and self-destructions.

Oh Boy Essay Example For Students

Oh Boy Essay Hinduism By: Greg E-mail: emailprotected Hinduism Hinduism was founded sometime between 1500 and 500 CE in the are of the Indus valley civilization. There is no individual founder and no names given to say who developed it. They are many gods in the religion of Hinduism. Many Hindu followers believe that one of the gods is the true god, this creates a division in Hinduism, Vaishnavaism and Shivaism. People who follow Vaishnavaism believe that Vishnu is the one true god and people who follow Shivasim believe that Shiva is the one true god. Yet there are many sects that worship both gods. Over eighty percent of Hindu people worship the Lord Vishnu. One out of six people in the world is a Hindu. Hinduism can be described as a monotheistic or a polytheistic religion depending on the point of view but Hindu people describe themselves as henotheisitic, which is the belief in one god without denying the existence of others. Hindus believe that the soul is immortal and re-enters a body of fl esh and blood to resolve experiences and learn all the lessons that the material life has to offer. Hindus also believe in karma. They believe that karma is one of the natural laws of the universe. If you do good things, good things will happen to you. If you do negative things, negative things will happen to you. Hindus also believe that the cow is sacred. The cow represents their life and all other animals. They also regard the cow as sacred because it gives and gives but only takes grass and grain. Not all of the Hindu people are vegetarian, they are given the freedom to make their own decisions. Hinduism claims over 793,076,000 people, which is 13.7% of the worlds population. Most of the Hindus are concentrated mainly in India, Sri Lanka and Nepal. The Hindu purpose is basically to learn all that they can from this life so that they can pass their knowledge to the spiritual world. Taoism The founder of Taoism is Lao-Tse, which lived between 604-531 BCE. Taoism began as a combina tion of philosophy and psychology but was later turned into a state religion in 440 CE. Lao-Tse was later established as a deity. In 1911, support for Taoism had disappeared and with the communist victory in 1949 there was very little room for religious freedom. Taoism has many sects and groups that have been influenced by Buddhism and Confucianism. Taoism is still practiced in China, Taiwan and Hong Kong although the current government has made attempts to suppress it. The Taoist beliefs are that there is no god and that Tao is a force that flows. There are no personified beliefs in Taoism and they do not pray to a god. They seek out lifes problems through meditation and observation. Much like Hinduism, time is cyclical. There are five organs of the earth water, fire, wood, metal and earth. Lao-Tse developed Yin and Yang which are two competing energies found in all things which must be balanced. There are two different denominations of Taoism, Ortodoxes and Spirit Claud Taoists. O rtodoxes are Tao masters and Black Headed Taoists. They stress the importance of rituals, cosmic renewal, and controlling spirits. Spirit Claud Taoists are Masters of Methods or Headed Taoists they concentrate on meditation, not rituals. There is not a specific number of Taoists in the world. Its hard to find the exact number of Taoists because at one time a person in China could be a Buddhist, a Taoist and a Confucian. The main concentration of Taoists are in China and Taiwan. Shintoism Shinto was started about 500 CE or earlier. The Shinto people believe in nature deities, Buddha was regarded as one of these deities. There was a divine couple, Izanagi and Izanami who gave birth to the Japanese Islands. Their children became the deities of the various Japanese clans. The Sun Goddess is regarded as the chief deity. There are four affirmations in Shinto. Tradition and Family, Love of Nature, Physical Cleanliness and Matsuri. Matsuri is a festival that honors the dead. Shinto is divid ed into three different forms. Jinja, which is the original form of Shinto. The Emperor of .uebb2b42ac7cfac7526b2cff13a632e77 , .uebb2b42ac7cfac7526b2cff13a632e77 .postImageUrl , .uebb2b42ac7cfac7526b2cff13a632e77 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uebb2b42ac7cfac7526b2cff13a632e77 , .uebb2b42ac7cfac7526b2cff13a632e77:hover , .uebb2b42ac7cfac7526b2cff13a632e77:visited , .uebb2b42ac7cfac7526b2cff13a632e77:active { border:0!important; } .uebb2b42ac7cfac7526b2cff13a632e77 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uebb2b42ac7cfac7526b2cff13a632e77 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uebb2b42ac7cfac7526b2cff13a632e77:active , .uebb2b42ac7cfac7526b2cff13a632e77:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uebb2b42ac7cfac7526b2cff13a632e77 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uebb2b42ac7cfac7526b2cff13a632e77 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uebb2b42ac7cfac7526b2cff13a632e77 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uebb2b42ac7cfac7526b2cff13a632e77 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uebb2b42ac7cfac7526b2cff13a632e77:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uebb2b42ac7cfac7526b2cff13a632e77 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uebb2b42ac7cfac7526b2cff13a632e77 .uebb2b42ac7cfac7526b2cff13a632e77-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uebb2b42ac7cfac7526b2cff13a632e77:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Pearl Harbor not a surprise Essay

Factors to Be Considered by Researchers When Defining Data Collection Essay Example

Factors to Be Considered by Researchers When Defining Data Collection Essay Data are materials or information gathered during the process of making inquiry about problems. â€Å"Data of whatever form do not just appear or lie around waiting to be causally picked up by some passing researcher but have to be given form and shape in other to quantify as data; made relevant in a word to a research problem† (Ackryod and Hughes, 1992). In other words, data are systematically collected groups of information that represent either qualitative or quantitative results. From the point of view of social research, the world only exist as data and data can exist only through the interpretations placed on materials gathered from the world†(Williams and May,1996). This essay question will be looking at factors that should be considered to define data of a study. Looking at two empirical researches based on injecting drug users Study 1 looked at a community based cross-sectional survey among out of treatment male opiate injecting drug users (IDU) between ages 15 to 45.Data on nonfatal overdose were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire from 299 IDU from two district of Bac Ninh in North Vietnam in 2003. Study 2 examines the range of HCV services that treatment programs provide to their HCV positive clients using data collected from 233 drug free and methadone maintenance treatment programs (MMTPS) throughout the united state. Although findings indicated that MMTPS offer more HCV services to more of their HCV positive clients than drug free programs, but drug free programs provided more individualized services.Researchers are people that make inquiry into things that are obscure to human and tend to find possible solutions to this problem. They must put some factors into consideration to determine the type of data to be collected such as: aims and objectives of the research, research design, sampling strategies, methods research strategy, data collection technique, reliability, validity and ethics of the research. â€Å"The resear ch process usually begins with the theoretical perception or formulation of the research topic† (Sarantakos, 2005).According to Gilbert (2001) theoretical perspective are not just important as elements of good research practice, but also enormous value in inspiring and stimulating us to ask new question. This is also supported by Ackroyd and Hughes (1992) saying theory is a veritable feast of notions, viewpoints, perspectives, abstractions and ideas which plays different roles in sociological enquiry. Theory gives explanation on something that one would find difficult to understand. â€Å"Theories ought to be firmly based on data if they are to be useful in understanding social world† (Gilbert, 2001).Theory could be generated deductively or inductively. Gilbert (2001) said that inductive theory has to do with moving from a known knowledge to unknown, quantitative research makes use of this while deductive theory begins with a theory and use it to explain an observation, qualitative research makes use of this. Study 2 hypothesized that because MMTPs serve a greater portion of IDUs than drug free programs, it is expected that it will offer more comprehensive services for their HCV positive clients. The two articles made use of an inductive theory because they both used quantitative methodAims and objectives of the research is also another factor that determines data collection. â€Å"The aims and methods of research is to put links between the empirical world and theoretical perception† (Ackryod and Hughes, 1992). For example, the aims and objectives of the study 1 were to evaluate the effectiveness of a peer network intervention in reducing HIV and STD transmission and to assess the prevalence and characteristics associated with non-fatal drug overdose among IDUs between 18-45 years in North Vietnam.Here, the researcher is interested in knowing the features and the total number of people using non-fatal drug overdose within a specific age gr oup injecting drugs into their body in Tu son and and Bac Ninh township, North Vietnam. Data collected here will only be within a particular age group from only the two districts. The aims and objectives of study 2 are to evaluate the effectiveness for addressing drug users’ HCV needs using expert in hepatitis and drug addiction and to know the types of services provided by HCV service delivery to the HCV positive injecting and non-injecting drug users in USA.Based on the objective, data collected must be from all HCV service delivery in all the states. Research design is the criteria used when evaluating social research. â€Å"The function of research design is to ensure that evidence obtained enabled us to answer the initial questions as unambiguously as possible† (De Vaus, 2005). It has been suggested that every research needs a design or structure before data collection or analysis begins. Good research design should make it possible for generalization and possible valid inferences from the data.Study 1 and study 2 used a cross-sectional design . According to Burton (2000) cross-sectional design uses data collected from at least two groups at one point in time and compare the extent to which they differ. For example, in study 1 survey among out of treatment male opiate IDU age 18-45 with population of 299, data on non-factual overdose were collected from two Bac Ninh district which are Bac Ninh township and Tu Son in North Vietnam in 2009. While in study 2 survey among drug treatment program was collected throughout the USA from 2001 to 2003.Bryman (2004) suggested that in order to examine association between two variables, it is necessary to have a systematic and standardized method for gauging variation. In study 1, in other for the interviewer to ensure a standardized definition of overdose, a description of common signs and symptoms of overdose due to opioid use was read out. Cross-sectional design does not ensure validity of data because data were only collected at a point which might not be a true representative of the study sample.A much preferred design that would have been preferable will be the use of longitudinal design because most especially for study 2, it will ensure reliability of the data collected by asking the organisation same question over again. The major disadvantage of this study is that it does not give access to generalization of the population creating a kind of bias since******** research is based on the views of organisations concerning the use of treatment programs. According to Babbie(2007) Longitudinal study permit the observation of the study sample over a period of time especially for an in-depth interview.Longitudinal can be more difficult for quantitative studies such as large survey in study 2, nevertheless, they are the best way to study changes over time â€Å"A sampling method is a technique of collecting information about some members of the population† (De Vaus, 2002). Th ey way participant are selected could affect data collection in a way that selecting wrong participant could lead to wrong gathering of information so it is important to define the target group from the population. â€Å"The two sampling approaches are probability and non-probability sampling†(Burton,2000).Study 1 used a non-probability sample example include snowball sampling while study 2 used probability approach example is random sampling. The difference between probability and non-probability sample is that: â€Å" Probability sample is one in which each person in the population has an equal, or at least a known chance of being selected while in a non-probability sample, some people have a greater but unknown chance than others of selection†(De Vaus, 1996 pg:60). â€Å"Snow ball sampling refers to the process of accumulation as each located subject suggests other subject† (Babbie, 2007).In this type of sample, researcher gathers data on the few members of t he target population that can be located. In study 1, the IDU were recruited by 20 trained current and former drug using peer outreach workers through a snow ball-sampling approach in Bac Ninh. â€Å"Statistical theory states that the most reliable way of obtaining a representative sample is to use random sampling whereby each case, whether that be an individual, household, or organisation has an equal probability of being selected†(Burton,2000 pg:309).Here, a researcher has equal chances of selecting members of the study population. In study 2, project staff made telephone calls to screen for eligibility a group of randomly selected drug treatment programs that were listed in the year 2000 inventory of substance abuse treatment database. Non-probability sampling is a useful method of sampling where the researcher is interested in respondent within the sample size as opposed to making wide generalization. Limited resources, inability to identify members of the population and the need to establish the existence of a problem all justify the use of non-probability sampling† (Burton, 2000 pg: 316) Babbie (2007, pg: 187) argued that non-probability sampling cannot guarantee that the sample observed is a true representative of the whole population and is supported by Henry (1990) that as a result of the subjective nature of the selection process, involved in non-probability sampling ,there is a risk that the result will not be valid due to bias in section process. Probability samples are often regarded as the preferable way of obtaining samples that is true representative of the population† (Burton, 2000 pg 309). The major strength of probability sample is that the selection allows the development of statistical theory to examine the attributes of sample estimators to reduce bias. Coomber (1997) argued that probability sampling becomes a problem if the information needed to construct a sampling frame is absent. If not done properly, probability sa mpling can generate different types of error.Bryman and Cramer (1993) suggested that response rates on sample survey are sometimes so low that there is no great difference between probability and non-probability sample. Research methods are ways of gathering materials in research. There are two ways of collecting and collating materials which are quantitative and qualitative method. Quantitative method is the use of statistical analyses, real figures to collect data from the environment without subjective interference of the researchers. â€Å"The aim of the research is to collect fact about society which can be statistically analysed† (Gilbert, 2001).Quantitative data makes observation more explicit and can make it easier to summarise aggregate and compare data. Both study used quantitative study but the disadvantage of this type of method is that it does not give rich meaning to a study due to the fact that it is making use of statistics unlike qualitative data which gives a richer and in-depth meaning to a social phenomenon . According to Strauss and Corbin (1990) qualitative methods broadly define means any kind of research that produces findings not arrived by means of statistical procedures or other means of quantification.The aim of qualitative research is to offer a view of a situation and provide a written research reports that shows the research reports that shows the researchers ability to illustrate phenomena but its disadvantage is that it deals with just verbal description. Surveys are the most common and best method used for of data collection in social research, and it is useful in collecting original data for describing a population too large to be observed .According to Sarantakos (2005), surveys are methods of data collection in which information is gathered through oral or written questioning. For example, study 1used a semi-structured questionnaire survey which is a type of written questioning while study 2 used interviewing which i s a type of oral questioning. Survey research according to Babbie(2007) offers advantages in terms of economy, the amount of data that can be collected and the chance to sample a large population. In study 1, the survey was carried out in 2 district with the total population as 185825.The disadvantages of survey is that it is difficult to to gain a full sense of social processes in their natural processes. â€Å" In general, survey research is comparatively weak on validity and strong on reliability† (Babbie, 2007) Using a semi- structured questionnaire in study 1, the respondent must be put in mind. In study 1 for example bearing in mind the respondent,, the semi-structured questionnaire was translated into their native language which is Vietnamese for the respondent to be able to understand what it is all about. t could explore large number of people’s view. 399 participants in study 1 had face to face interviews and the questionnaires included questions on demograph ic characteristics, history of drug use, sexual behaviour to mention a few. The tendency of a questionnaire survey to ask rigid questions which force respondent answer into particular categories which they may not have thought of is one of the reasons why it is preferable to use interview as an alternative†(Valentine, 1997: 110) Study 2 used telephone interview.Interviewing is a type of research method that does not ask fixed answer questions. . â€Å"Quatitative interview may be used either as a primary strategy for data collection or in conjunction with observation, document analysis, or other techniques† (Bogdan and Biklen, 1982). The use of telephone interview in study 2 for initial screening process reduces cost of interviewing a large number of programs across the 50 states in United States. According to Sarantakos (2005), interview is employed when the interview are simple and brief, when quick and inexpensive result are sought.In this study, the interview was co nducted for 3 hours which might prove too strenuous, difficult and time consuming for the respondent. â€Å"Telephone interviews enable researcher to gather information rapidly and allow for some personal contact between the interviewer and respondent† (Kvale, 1996)*****.. I The advantage of this method is that it produces quick result, and allow more open communication since the respondent is not confronted with the interviewer. The disadvantages of this method is high refusal rate.In study 2, 614 programs were interviewed during screening, but just 233 programs participated in the study. ********Using sampling size in study 2 might not be a good way of recruiting program services from the whole of 53 countries in the state because it might not be a true representative of the programs********* The advantages of interview over questionnaire are that it answers the Why questions rather than just the how many, how often. For example, in study 2 the interviewers ask questions on the organisational characteristics of the program as well as demographic information about the clients in the programValidity and reliability of data collection is very important during research. Babbie (2007) defined validity as the extent to which an empirical measure adequately reflects the meaning of the concepts under consideration and reliability is a matter of whether a particular technique when applied repeatedly to the same object yield the same result at the same time. In study 2, in other to collect most reliable and valid data, interviewers generally conducted the telephone survey with several different staff each responding to their areas of expertise.In study 1,. Field were tested to ensure adaptability to local Vietnamese context. ELISA technique was used for HIV testing and univariate analysis was performed to test the associations of having overdosed in the past 12 months. Researchers must put into consideration the ethics and values of the participants. According to Sarantakos (2005), the researcher becomes aware of a lot of ethical consideration during the process of data collection. An important aspect of ethical consideration is â€Å"veracity, voluntary participation and confidentiality†.In study 1, participant were provided with written voluntary consent form which contains the detailed information on the purpose of the study and potential benefits and risk of participation which was read by a trained and experienced Vietnamese interviewers at the study site. In study 2, the interviewers described the purpose of the research to the participant through the telephone, gave a number of assurance concerning the voluntary nature the research and the confidentiality of responses.Some of the participant gave their consent and continued with the interview while some decline participation. It is important to take into consideration the limitation of the method used during data collection. In study 1, the use snowballing sampling is unlike ly that the sample will be representative of the population even though the interviewers claimed that recruitment of hidden population through peers has been successful in obtaining a broad sample. A better method would have been random selection.The second limitation of study I is that representativeness of the entire IDU population in the province can not be ascertained despite the fact that three fourths of the registered IDU were recruited from provincial level of government records of registered IDUs because there could be possibility of under-reporting and institutionalization of IDUs In study 2, the data reflected the provision of HCV services by drug treatment program from the person most knowledgeable about the medical services provided at the program, this will not give a rue data collection because the program managers may have over-reported the quality of services provided by the program. Clients assessing the programs should have been interviewed instead, these would ha ve supplied accurate information about the program and the data would have reflected the view of the clients In conclusion,